Guide to Austria

Austria (German: Österreich) is a landlocked German-speaking country in Central Europe. Austria, along with neighbouring Switzerland, is the winter sports centre of Europe. However, it is just as popular for summer tourists who visit its historic cities and villages and hike in the magnificent scenery of the Alps. With more than 30 million arrivals (2023) and only about nine million inhabitants, it is one of the most visited countries in the world.

Austria is a federal republic comprised of nine states (Bundesländer):

• Vienna (Wien) — the largest city in Austria, as well as its cultural, economic, and political centre
• Bregenz — famous for the annual summer music festival of Bregenzer Festspiele
• Eisenstadt — historically the seat of the Eszterházy Hungarian noble family that gave the town its aristocratic feel
• Graz — known as Austria's culinary capital and student city
• Innsbruck — the cultural, educational and economic centre of Western Austria directly in the heart of the Alps
• Klagenfurt — scenic town very close to the Wörthersee
• Linz — a vibrant music and arts scene and a beautiful historic core
• Salzburg — the birthplace of Mozart; a cultural city with an attractive setting and scenic Alpine backdrop
• Villach — beautiful Altstadt surrounded by the Alps and various lakes

• Lake Constance (Bodensee) — a large lake situated in Vorarlberg and shared with Switzerland and Germany
• Kaprun — part of the Europa Sport Region
• Pinswang — one of the most ancient settlements of the North Tyrolean Ausserfern, on the border with Bavaria and a short walk or drive to the famous castles of King Ludwig
• Salzkammergut — a stunning cultural landscape among mountains and lakes
• Igls — a popular ski resort in the shadow of the Patscherkofel mountain near Innsbruck
• Semmering — home to the world's oldest mountain railway.
• Thermenland — the great spas of Styria, an easy daytrip from Graz or Vienna
• Wörthersee — one of Austria's warmest lakes
• Zell am See — one of the most important alpine tourist towns in Austria

Österreich literally means "the Eastern Realm" or "Eastern Empire" in German.

History

Today's Austria is what was once the German-speaking core and centre of power for the large multiethnic Austro-Hungarian Empire with its imperial capital in Vienna. This empire stretched eastwards from present-day Austria through much of east-central and south-central Europe. It included the entire territories of modern-day Hungary, the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia, and portions of Serbia, Romania, Ukraine, Poland and Italy, and also had a small colonial possession in Tianjin, China. While Prussia united the German states to the north into one "German Empire" in 1867-1871, Austria remained oriented eastwards towards its diverse empire. However, from the start of the 20th century, the political history of Austria has been closely linked to the misfortunes and disasters of modern German history, mainly the First and Second World Wars and their terrible aftermath.

The modern republic of Austria came into being in 1918 as a result of the defeat of Austria-Hungary in World War I. In its wake, the empire was split into many components. They included Austria's current borders, an independent Hungary, lands given to Italy (South Tyrol, Trieste and Trentino), lands given to Poland, an independent Czechoslovakia and the northern and western half of Yugoslavia. Interwar Austria was an unstable state with pro-German fascists, pro-independence clerical reactionaries and left wing social democrats fighting over control, sometimes violently and ultimately descending into the "Austro-Fascist" dictatorship of the 1930s. Following an unresisted invasion and annexation by Nazi Germany in 1938, Austria more or less functioned as a part of Nazi Germany during the Second World War. Most of the population supported Hitler (who was born in Austria) and Austria's incorporation into Germany, and Austrian soldiers also fought in the Wehrmacht. Cities were bombed heavily by the Allies and concentration camps where the Holocaust was perpetrated also existed on Austrian soil (such as Mauthausen near Linz).

It was not until the end of the war that the mood changed and that Austria tried to distance itself from Germany. In 1945, Austria was divided into zones of occupation like Germany. However, unlike Germany, Austria was not subject to any further territorial losses. A treaty signed in 1955 ended the Allied and Soviet occupation, recognized Austria's independence, and forbade future unification with Germany. A constitutional law of that year declared the country's "perpetual neutrality", a condition for Soviet military withdrawal, and thus saved Austria from Germany's fate as a divided nation with a divided capital. However, the South Tyrol Question took Austria and Italy to the UN in the post-war era and international brokered mitigation found a suitable solution for both countries by the late 1980s. (South Tyrol had been part of Austria Hungary before World War I and the German-speaking inhabitants felt alienated by the Italian government.) Official neutrality, once ingrained as part of the Austrian cultural identity, has been called into question since the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991 and Austria's entry into the European Union in 1995.

It took quite a long time after the war for re-examining Austria's Nazi past to become large-scale and accepted as commonplace in the media. After the war, Austria had sought to portray itself as "Hitler's first victim", although Hitler himself was Austrian. This blatant denial of historical fact is now called "the original lie of the Second Republic" by many leftists. A high-profile case of Austria's denial of its past came to the fore when Austrian president and former UN Secretary-General Kurt Waldheim was embroiled in a scandal in the early 1990s due to having been a member of the SA (Nazi Brownshirts) during the war. Austria still has a harder time being frank about its Nazi past than Germany and far-right Burschenschaften still play an important role in the politics of FPÖ (Freedom Party) and to some extent ÖVP (People's Party) leading to occasional scandals.

Post-1945 Austrian politics were dominated by "grand coalitions" between the "red" centre-left SPÖ (Social Demicrats) and the "black" centre-right ÖVP. This meant that important posts in government and the civil service were shared out according to Proporz (~proportionality) among "red" and "black". Whatever the faults of this system, it helped prevent the extremely violent and unstable politics Austria had had to endure in the interwar era when "reds" and "blacks" were pitted against each other in open hostility. With the 1999 coalition between the ÖVP and the far-right FPÖ, this consensus-oriented way of making politics started to crumble, and Austrian politics has since become a lot more like the politics of other European countries.

A prosperous country, Austria entered the European Monetary Union in 1999, and the euro currency replaced the schilling in 2002. Austria is also part of "borderless Europe", resulting in many students from all over the European Union studying in Austrian universities and vice versa. As the rules for entry to Austrian universities are different from those in Germany, many German students of subjects such as medicine have gone to Austria to study in the last couple of decades. This may from time to time cause friction, but this is mostly tongue-in-cheek and not all that serious.

Austria is one of the most popular summer and winter holiday destinations in Europe and has the tourist industry to match it.

Culture

Austria is a federation. Each of its nine federal states has a unique and distinct culture.

Austrians aren't easy to categorize. In fact, the main reason Austrians stand out from their European neighbors is that they don't stand out from the rest for anything in particular. Austrians are moderate in their outlook and behavior. Being at Europe's crossroads, their culture is influenced from several sides. The stereotype of the yodelling, thigh slapping, beer-swilling (schnitzel-eating) xenophobe may apply to a few individuals but it certainly doesn't apply to the majority of Austrians.

The average Austrian on the street is likely to be friendly yet somewhat reserved and formal, softly spoken and well mannered, law abiding, socially conservative, rooted, family-oriented, conformist and somewhat nepotistic, a Roman Catholic at heart, not particularly religious but a follower of tradition, well educated if not as cosmopolitan as some of his/her other European cousins, cynical, and equipped with a dry, sarcastic sense of humour. Austrian social life, in general, seems to be less reserved than its northern European counterparts, yet Austrians exhibit a slightly more introverted disposition. Austrians love to socialise and celebrate together, though not in an overly exuberant or overly public manner.

Austrians generally like to define themselves merely by what they are not. Tourists often make the mistake of classifying Austrians as Germans, which despite being a common language (well, at least on paper), they are not. Arguably, Southern Germany, especially Bavaria, is a close cultural relative of Austria in many ways. Indeed, the regions of Austria are all similar to their neighbours, so you will not notice you have crossed a border, whether it be into South Tyrol in Italy, north to Bavaria or east to Hungary.

Austria and Germany are sister nations and enjoy warm relations, but Mozart was Austrian, or a Salzburger for the record, not German! For most of its history, Austrians have a hard time defining their own nation; they face perhaps the most media influence from Germany but have a very different culture, especially from northern Germany. The historic minorities and individual cultures are valued, yet they have to struggle to survive. An important minority are the Carinthian Slovenes, who surprisingly voted to stay part of Austria (rather than become part of the newly formed Yugoslav state) after World War I. While this "heroic" act of "national self-preservation" was much mytholygised in the past, Jörg Haider of the far-right FPÖ got his start in politics in Carinthia by catering to SS veterans and calling into question the right of Carinthian Slovenes to have bilingual town signs in places where they form a significant part of the population.

Austria has a long history of being a multicultural country: a glance at the Vienna phone book is all you need to discover this. Ironically, it is Germany to the north that is paving the way regarding the integration of foreigners into society in Central Europe. Austria, with the exception of Vienna, remains a largely conservative country. On the other hand, in comparison to other Central European countries, it is still relatively liberal with modern social policies (such as gay marriage, assisted suicide, and immigration laws). Indeed, the cultural conflicts and national identity are as complicated and difficult to understand for many Austrians as they are for visitors! The level of personal awareness and views on this vary greatly from person to person but are generally subject to a particularly Austrian avoidance of the subject. It is best to try to see the diversity and enjoy the variety than to jump to conclusions.

Hence many Austrians derive their identity from their region or Bundesland (state). For instance, typical inhabitants of Carinthia would say that they are Carinthian first and Austrian second and maybe European third. Asking what state someone is from is normally the first question Austrians ask when meeting for the first time.

The fact that Austrians dislike demonstrations of national identity can, however, also be explained partly by the historical experiences Austria had during the Third Reich and especially due to the violent use of national symbols in the growing Austrofascist movement and by the far-right Freedom Party. It is also because the current state of Austria is a relatively young and loose federal republic of just 8 million people.

However, the University of Chicago's National Opinion Research Center rates Austria as the 5th most patriotic country in the world. So Austrians do very much love their country but are unlikely to be flag-wavers. Perhaps Austria's ascendancy to the EU in 1995 and its adoption of the euro and the border-less Europe have given it a stronger sense of importance and self-worth in the greater context of Europe.

Most Austrians like to enjoy the good life. They spend a lot of time eating, drinking and having a good time with friends in a cozy environment, and are therefore very hospitable. Members of the older generation can be conservative in the sense that they frown upon extremes of any shape and form and, in general, are adverse to change. They enjoy one of the highest living standards in the world and want to keep it that way.

Austria has no well-defined class system. The regional differences tend to be greater than in neighboring countries. Generally, the further rural you go, the more socially conservative people are. Due to tourism, rural areas are still quite open and rich compared to other countries.

Politics

Austria is a parliamentary federal republic consisting of nine federal states (see list below). The head of the state is the federal president (Bundespräsident), who is elected directly by the people for a term of six years. His/her function is mainly representative, however, and the federal chancellor (Bundeskanzler), elected by a majority of the lower chamber of the parliament, runs most of the day-to-day politics.

The Austrian parliament consists of two chambers, the Nationalrat (National Council) as the main chamber, and the Bundesrat (Federal Council). The members of the National Council are elected every five years by popular vote, and the members of the Federal Council are elected by each of the state parliaments for 4- to 6-year terms. The composition of the Bundesrat changes after every election to a state's parliament.

There are three major parties in Austria: the Social Democratic Party (SPÖ), the (conservative) Austrian People's Party (ÖVP), and the (right-wing) Freedom Party (FPÖ). Historically, SPÖ and ÖVP were the two dominant forces in Austrian politics. Between the re-emergence of the Austrian Republic after World War II and the late 1980s each party usually got between 40% and 50% of the votes and governed either alone or together in 'grand coalitions' (interrupted only by a brief SPÖ-FPÖ coalition between 1983 and 1987). During that time they also divided up practically all positions of influence in Austria between them (Proporz). From 1990 onwards, this system began to crumble due to people's dissatisfaction with 'politics as usual' and the rise of the FPÖ under its leader Jörg Haider who introduced a new brand of anti-foreigner populism to Austrian politics. After the 1999 elections in which both SPÖ and ÖVP did dismally and the FPÖ reached second place, a new coalition was formed between ÖVP and FPÖ. As the then first and only government to include right-wing populists in the European Union, the new Austrian leadership was shunned by the heads of government of the other fourteen EU member states. In the following elections the FPÖ did badly due to internal squabbles and the fact that the reality of government could not live up to its promises. Between 2006 and 2017 Austria was again governed by a series of SPÖ-ÖVP coalitions.

After elections in 2017, the ÖVP under its new leader, former foreign minister Sebastian Kurz, formed a coalition with the FPÖ. Both parties had increased their share of the vote, promising a tougher stance on migration and supposed 'Islamisation' following an influx of refugees and migrants into Austria in 2015. A corruption scandal in the FPÖ led to the early breakdown of the coalition and snap elections in 2019, after which Chancellor Kurz formed a coalition with the Greens.

In the 2024 elections, the FPÖ reached first place, however, the president decided to give the instruction to form a government, for the first time in the second republic, to the party with the second to most mandates - the ÖVP - instead. After ÖVP, SPÖ and NEOS failed to form a coalition, the FPÖ was supposed to form a government. Talks with the ÖVP were started, but ended without success. In a second try, ÖVP, SPÖ and NEOS managed to form a coalition with Christian Stocker as the new Austrian Chancellor.

Geography

Contrary to popular perceptions, Austria is not all about mountains. While the Alps do cover 3/4 of the country dominating the provinces of Vorarlberg, Tyrol, Salzburg, Styria, Upper Austria and Carinthia, the eastern provinces of Lower Austria, the Burgenland and the federal capital of Vienna are more similar to the geography of the neighboring Czech Republic and Hungary. This diverse mix of landscapes is packed into a relatively small area of size. Glaciers, meadows, alpine valleys, wooded foothills, gently rolling farmland, vineyards, river gorges, plains and even semi-arid steppes can be found in Austria.

One quarter of Austria's population lives in Greater Vienna, a European metropolis, located where the Danube meets the easternmost fringe of the Alps, not far from the border with Slovakia and its capital Bratislava.

Virtually all government, financial and cultural institutions, as well as national media and large corporations are based in Vienna, due largely to history and geography. Thus, the capital dominates Austria's cultural and political life and is clearly a world unto its own. It has little to do with the rest of mainly rural Austria and outside of Graz, Salzburg, Innsbruck and Linz there really are no other large scale cities in the country. There is a playful joke told in Vorarlberg province regarding the dominance of Vienna regarding national affairs that reads, "the people of western Austria make the money and Vienna spends it."

Climate

Austria has a temperate continental climate. Summers last from early June to mid-September and can be hot in some years and rainy in others. Day-time temperatures in July and August are around 25°C (77°F), but can often reach 35°C (95°F). Winters are cold in the lowlands and very harsh in the Alpine region with temperatures often dropping below -10°C (14°F). Winters last from December to March (longer at higher altitudes). In the Alpine region large temperature fluctuations occur all year round and nights are chilly even in high summer. The northern Alps are generally a lot wetter than the rest of the country. The South East (Styria and Carinthia) is dry and sunny. The area around Vienna often experiences strong easterly winds.

Electricity

Electricity is supplied at 220 to 230 V 50 Hz. Outlets are the European standard CEE-7/7 "Schukostecker" or "Schuko" or the compatible, but non-grounded, CEE-7/16 "Europlug" types. Generally speaking, U.S. and Canadian travellers should pack an adapter and a converter for these outlets if they plan to use North American electrical equipment in Austria.

Tourist information

Visa

One of the best ways to stay in the country for longer than 90 days is to study on a study visa, for example by studying on a TEFL course.

As of 2026, travellers entering via Slovenia (and sometimes Hungary) are subjected to border checks by the Austrian Police. This is a temporary measure, though be prepared to show relevant ID/documentation when entering.

By plane

There are six airports in Austria with scheduled flights. The most important international airport is Vienna Airport (VIE) which has connection to most major airports of the world. In the neighbouring town of Schwechat, it's the hub of Austrian Airlines, now a wholly-owned subsidiary of Lufthansa. There are smaller international airports in Graz, Innsbruck, Klagenfurt, Linz, and Salzburg which mainly offer connections to European destinations.

For traveling to Western Austria it may make sense to fly into Munich Airport (MUC) and Memmingen (FMM). From Munich airport there are regular train connections and Flixbus connections to the state capitals Salzburg and Innsbruck. While Bratislava (BTS) does not have nearly as many connections as Munich or Vienna, it is only about 70 kilometers from Vienna and there is a direct bus service. The most common airports to visit Vorarlberg are Altenrhein (ACH) via Austrian, Friedrichshafen (FDH) and Zürich (ZRH).

If visiting Austria for winter sports, choose the airport considering cost and duration for the whole trip (plane and transfer). Vienna is a 4-hour drive from the nearest medium-sized ski resort. See more in the Get In section of Winter sports in Austria.

By bus

The bus is not always the cheapest way to travel, though impressive discounts for advance bookings exist for long-distance travel (as far as from Warsaw for 1 EUR). The bus may also be the cheapest option if you want to travel at short notice or if you have large amounts of luggage. Bus travel is especially interesting for those coming from the East as there are many buses into Vienna and they are often faster than trains. Information about their assorted services and pricing is can be found in that section. Flixbus, the major player in most of Europe serves a number of cities in Austria. Most of the companies that run Intercity buses in Germany serve major Austrian cities as well.

By car

Austria and all its neighbouring countries are Schengen members so in theory there are no hard border controls (however, temporary border checks with Slovenia are present as of 2026). For using the Autobahnen or Schnellstraßen, a vignette, or tax sticker, must be purchased. You can either purchase a digital vignette online from the ASFiNAG website or a physical vignette, which must be affixed to the inside of the windscreen, on the top left-hand edge or behind the rear-view mirror. Costs are (as of July 2025) 103.80 EUR for one year, 31.80 EUR for 2 months, 12.40 EUR for 10 days, or 9.30 EUR for a single day. Physical vignettes can be purchased at most service stations before the border and at the border. Some major tunnels or sections of motorway have an additional toll of between 8.50 EUR and 18.50 EUR (as of July 2025).

On some Saturdays in July and August expect traffic jams on the motorways between Germany, Austria and Italy when millions of German tourists head south at the beginning of school vacations. A delay of about 2 hours is not unusual. The motorway A10 between Salzburg and Villach is especially notorious. It's best to avoid those Saturdays.

From Germany

• Motorway A8 from Munich to Salzburg.
• Motorway A93 from Rosenheim via Kufstein to Innsbruck, Tyrol.
• E43 (A96) from Leutkirch via Wangen to Bregenz, Vorarlberg.
• Motorway A3/E56 from Regensburg via Passau to Linz, Upper Austria.

From Italy

• Motorway A23 to Villach, Carinthia.
• E45 via Brenner to Innsbruck, Tyrol.

Considering the overall limited distances, it is very easy to drive to Austria from Northern Italy. From Bolzano, Innsbruck is only 1½ hours away, while it takes about 3 hours to reach Salzburg from either Bolzano or Udine. Vienna is a little further away; about 5½ hours from Bolzano, 6 hours from Venice and 8 from Milan.

Some of the Italy-Austria border crossings are famous among cycling enthusiasts and admirers of alpine scenery, such as the Resia pass, the Rombo pass and the Vizze pass, while the borders between Friuli and the Austrian region of Carinthia are less traveled: they are the Monte Croce Carnico pass, the Pramollo pass and the Coccau pass, near Tarvisio, where the A23 motorway ends. In detail, the active crossings throughout the year between Italy and Austria are: Brenner Pass, along the A22 motorway (or the state road 12), connecting Bolzano to Innsbruck; Passo Resia, starting from Merano, leads to the border between Austria and Switzerland along state roads 38 and 40; Passo del Tarvisio, along the A23 motorway and once in Austria the A2, connects Udine to Villach; Passo di San Candido which connects Dobbiaco to Lienz via the state road 49; Passo di Monte Croce Carnico, along the SS 52bis it connects Tolmezzo with Mauthen; Passo di Pramollo, reachable by exiting the A23 in Pontebba. There are also two seasonal passes, usually closed from November to May, namely: Passo Stalle connects the Anterselva valley with the Defereggental in East Tyrol; the Passo del Rombo, north of Merano, along the provincial road 44bis.

From Slovenia

• E61 from Ljubljana to Villach, Carinthia (via Karawankentunnel).
• E57 from Maribor to Graz, Styria.

From Hungary

• Motorway M1 (E60) from Budapest to Vienna (Hegyeshalom-Nickelsdorf Border Crossing)

From Slovakia

• Motorway D4 (E58) from Bratislava to Vienna (Jarovce-Kittsee Border Crossing)

By train

See also Rail travel in Europe

Austria is very well connected by rail. Every neighbouring country (yes, even Liechtenstein) has trains to and from Austria at least hourly. Many (Czech Republic, Hungary, Germany, Slovakia, Switzerland) even more frequently. Vienna is the largest rail hub, but day and night trains from most Central European countries travel to many destinations across Austria (particularly Innsbruck, Villach and Graz).

The ÖBB (Austrian federal railways) operate high-speed RailJet trains in cooperation with railways of neighbouring countries like Deutsche Bahn or Česke Dráhy from cities like Zürich, Munich, Frankfurt, Berlin, Prague, Venice, Verona and Budapest. Eurocity trains are the next fastest trains available, comparable to the Intercity trains connecting the bigger Austrian cities. Additionally private train companies Westbahn and Regiojet also offer international train connections at sometimes cheaper prices than ÖBB.

Sleeper trains from ÖBB now cover several European countries (even some far-off points) at competitive rates under their Nightjet brand. ÖBB is also acquiring new rolling stock to expand its night train service. While these are much slower than day trains, they can save you a night's accommodation while delivering you to your destination. There is also a sleeper train from European Sleeper in winter season to Tyrol.

From Slovakia

• There's a pontoon bridge for pedestrians and cyclists only just south of the Austrian-Czech-Slovak border tripoint, between Hohenau an der March (Austria) and Moravský Svätý Ján (Slovakia).
• The urban traffic company of Bratislava (DPB) runs a cross-border bus line no. 901 between Hainburg an der Donau (Austria) and Bratislava (Slovakia), with a stop also in the Austrian town of Wolfsthal. In Bratislava, the terminus is the stop Nový most.
• There's a pontoon ferry accessible to car-drivers and pedestrians between Angern an der March (Austria) and Záhorská Ves (Slovakia). Open 05:00-22:00.

By train and bus

Trains are the best and most common form of mass transport in Austria. Comfortable and moderately priced trains connect major cities and many towns; buses serve less significant towns and lakes. The two forms of transport are integrated and designed to complement each other, and intercity coaches exist but don't provide anywhere near the level of intercity rail service. Between Vienna, Linz, and Salzburg trains run every 30 minutes or even more frequently. Trains between Vienna, Graz, Innsbruck and Bregenz operate at least hourly. The 2½-hour train ride to Graz takes you along one of the world's oldest mountain railways (Semmeringbahn). 14 tunnels and 16 viaducts were built to cross the Alps. ÖBB-operated trains, especially trains between Vienna and Graz and ICE trains to Linz and between Salzburg and Carinthia, may use coaches owned by other countries' national operators, just check the train number.

Railjet (RJ or RJX) trains to Vienna Airport are split at Vienna Main Station (Wien Hauptbahnhof), with only one half of the train going to the airport and the other half going to Budapest. Be careful to board the correct part of the train!

Austrian trains are operated mostly by state-owned company ÖBB. The Raaberbahn (GySEV) provides some trains across the Austrian-Hungarian border and there are some short private railways with tourist trains which supplement rather than compete with the ÖBB. The only competitor to ÖBB is WestBahn. Westbahn has connections from Vienna to all states except Burgenland. Instead of Wien Meidling and Wien Hauptbahnhof (Vienna Main Station) stations, it serves Wien Hütteldorf and Wien Westbahnhof (Vienna Western Station), which are otherwise mainly served by commuter trains. It depends, but the price is generally a little cheaper than with ÖBB.

Long-distance bus connections are not as common as train travel in Austria. The main operator is FlixBus, but there are also a few connections from Eurolines.

Tickets and reservations

Train tickets can be purchased via the ÖBB website and ÖBB ticket app for Android and iOS. There are also ticket machines at all sizable train stations and onboard some regional trains. When boarding regional trains you are required to have purchased a ticket before boarding, if it is possible to buy a ticket via railway office or vending machine at the station you are departing from. On long-distance trains (RailJet (RJ and RJX), Intercity-Express (ICE), Intercity (IC), Eurocity (EC), Interregio) you can also buy tickets from the conductor on board, but the price is much higher. In general, you don't need to make a reservation for trains in Austria, even on long-distance services. However, reservations are recommended on peak times (mainly at weekends) due to high demand and in some rare cases are mandatory due to very high demand. For reservations and train capacity check the ÖBB website or the ticket app.

Always compare the fares of the Westbahn with those of the ÖBB and the departure railways in other countries (Magyar Államvasutak, České dráhy, Deutsche Bahn,...) or even the railways of the transit countries, as there may be price differences even for the same train. ÖBB has discount offers based on dynamic pricing called "SparSchiene" tickets. There are a limited number of tickets at this price. Additional offers are available to all countries in Central Europe, although some cannot be booked online. The ÖBB sell domestic tickets using a price based only upon distance traveled, regardless of when you buy the ticket and which train you take. Base fare is rather expensive, but OBB offer some interesting discounts.

Local transport

Local and urban transport in Austria is very good, with a high density of connections and networks. Public transport is particularly good in the cities. Vienna, Graz, Linz, Innsbruck, Baden and the town of Gmunden have tram systems and in Vienna you will also find a metro system. Tourist towns in the countryside have also invested a lot of money in building up a transport network that can often be used free of charge (ask at the tourist office). In sparsely populated areas, connections are less frequent. Regional bus lines are mostly organised by province:

• Vorarlberg: Vmobil
• Tyrol: VVT
• Salzburg: Salzburg Verkehr
• Carinthia: Kärntner Linien
• Upper Austria: OÖVV
• Styria: Verbund Linie
• Lower Austria, Vienna and Burgenland: VOR

You can buy local transport tickets from ticket machines (also from ÖBB ticket machines) or through the ÖBB app for the whole country.

Public transport planning

There is a route planning app called ÖBB Scotty available as web app and for Android and iOS, which takes into account all forms of public transport in the country and all international connections (even private operated train connections).

When using regional bus lines, the apps/route planning services of each integrated transport systems are usually the best choice (e.g. VOR AnachB - you can select English in the menu on the left).

In the biggest cities, you can find information on fares and restricted lines using the websites and apps of the operator (e.g. Wiener Linien for Vienna).

By car

Sparsely populated regions in Austria are easier to explore by car as bus services can be infrequent. Many popular spots in the mountains are accessible only by car or on foot/ski. Renting a car for a couple of days is a good way to go off the beaten track. Driving in Austria is normally quite pleasant as the country is small and the roads are in good condition, not congested and offer fantastic scenery.

Travelling on Austrian motorways (Autobahnen) or Schnellstraßen means you have to pay tolls. You have to buy a Vignette toll pass at any petrol station, at the border, or online through the ASFiNAG website. Vignetten can be bought for validity periods of a single day, 10 days, 2 months, or a year. Vehicles heavier than 3500 kg must instead purchase a GO-Box, a transponder which deducts tolls. Additional tolls are payable on certain roads, especially mountain passes, which you need to pay in bank notes (not coins) or with credit card at toll stations or online through the ASFiNAG website.

The speed limits are 130 on Autobahnen and 100 on Schnellstraßen and Bundesstraßen. Expect limits otherwise of 50-80. Headlights should be switched on at all times.

Take special care when driving in winter, especially in the mountains (winter lasts from September to May in the higher parts of the Alps and snowfall is in general possible at any time of the year). Icy roads kill dozens of inexperienced drivers every year. Winter tires are mandatory between November 1 and April 15. During winter season most rental cars are equipped with winter tyres, an additional fee may be charged.

By plane

Although you'll miss out most of the stunning Austrian Landscape, it is possible to travel by plane within Austria. However, due to the country's small size and excellent train network, the total journey time by air is unlikely to be shorter than by rail, or even by bus.

Domestic flights normally cost in the region of 300-500 EUR return, Austrian Airlines offers limited tickets for 99 EUR (Redtickets) but they have to be booked usually 2–3 months in advance. As a matter of fact, even Austrian Airlines now codeshares with ÖBB for some "feeder flights". In other words, fly only if you are on a business trip.

These domestic airports are served by airlines like Austrian Airlines (AUA):

• Graz (Thalerhof), servicing eastern Styria and southern Burgenland
• Innsbruck (Kranebitten), servicing Tyrol
• Klagenfurt (Wörthersee-Airport), servicing Carinthia
• Linz (Hörsching), servicing Upper Austria
• Salzburg (Wals), servicing Salzburg and Berchtesgaden (Bavaria)
• Vienna (Schwechat), servicing Vienna and Lower Austria

In addition, the following cross-border airports also serve western Austria:

• Altenrhein Airport (Switzerland), servicing Vorarlberg, Liechtenstein, Eastern Switzerland, and Lake Constance area
• Friedrichshafen (Germany), servicing Vorarlberg, Baden-Württemberg and Lake Constance area

By e-hailing

As of 2024, the most popular ride-hailing services in Austria are Uber, Bolt and Free Now.

The national official language of Austria is German which, in its national standard variety, known as Austrian (Standard) German (Österreichisches (Hoch)deutsch) is generally identical to the German used in Germany, with some significant vocabulary differences, mostly the names of food and things around the home, and a rather distinct accent. Most Austriacisms are loanwords from Austro-Bavarian, even though languages of the neighbouring countries have influenced as well. Other languages have some official status in different localities (e.g., Slovenian in Carinthia, Burgenland Croatian and Hungarian in Burgenland).

Some examples for different vocabulary in Austrian German:

The every-day language of almost all Austrians, however, is not Standard German, but instead local dialects of Austro-Bavarian German (Boarisch), which is also spoken as a first language by many in Bavaria, Germany and South Tyrol, Italy. However, in Vorarlberg it is replaced by Alemannic (Alemannisch), which is very close to Swiss German. Both these dialects belong to the Upper German family, but in extreme cases are only partially mutually intelligible to each other and Standard German, and especially in the larger cities almost everyone will be able to communicate in Standard German as well, if only when speaking to foreigners, (including Northern Germans). Most Austrians can understand another region's dialect but have the hardest time in Vorarlberg because it's Alemannic-speaking.

English is taught for at least five years at school so it is very widely spoken. The only area most tourists have linguistic problems with is in translating menus. In rural places, however, older people sometimes don't speak English, so it can help to learn a few basic German phrases if travelling to such places.

In the parts of Austria bordering Italy like Tyrol some people also speak Italian. In South Tyrol (which once belonged to Austria) the common language is German (well, Austro-Bavarian in practice), except in Bolzano.

As a result of post-World War II immigration to Austria, in the large cities you will certainly encounter native speakers of Bosnian/Croatian/Serbian and Turkish.

In general, when speaking German, Austrians tend to pronounce the vowels longer and use a pronunciation which is regional, yet genuine, elegant and melodic; and some even regard it as the beautiful form of German. Also, the "ch", "h" and "r" are not as harshly pronounced as in Germany, making the accent much more mild in nature.

While Austria may be in the very heart of Europe, the country has plenty of attractions to see. There are scenic backdrops, traditional music, visual architectural styles and an ethnically homogenous culture in its range.

Summer and winter, large flocks of tourists are drawn to Austria's mighty mountainous scenery. With no less than 62% of the country at an altitude of 500m or more, it's hard to miss the stunning snow-covered peaks and green valleys. Depending on the season, you'll find green mountain meadows or white landscapes as far as you can see, but either way, you won't be disappointed by the grand views. Highlights include for example the High Mountain National Park in the Zimmertal Alps, with peaks up to 3476m, narrow gorges and steep cliffs. National Park Thayatal combines beautiful valley landscapes with a variety of castles and ruined fortresses. The country's highest peak is called Grossglockner and is located on the border between Carinthia and East Tyrol. To get a good view, the Grossglockner High Alpine Road, with its gorgeous panorama's comes highly recommended. At the feet of mountain peaks you'll find luscious valleys, including the lovely Villgratental. The river Danube created some beautiful valley landscapes, where you'll now find famous vineyards. Wachau and Dunkelsteinerwald in Lower Austria are fine (and protected) examples. To make the image complete, the valley landscapes and hillsides are dotted with countless picturesque villages.

Besides all that rustic, tranquil nature and countryside, Austria has a whole other side too. As one of Europe's former great powers, Austria boasts a wealth of majestic architecture and historic structures. As it was long a centre of power in the Holy Roman Empire, you'll find not only palaces and magnificent city architecture but also grand cathedrals, monasteries and churches. Vienna, the country's capital and most popular destination, is packed with Medieval and Baroque structures. Schönbrunn Palace with its 1441 rooms is the absolute highlight, and every little girls' princess dream. Its zoo, Tiergarten Schönbrunn, is the oldest in the world. The 12th century St. Stephen's Cathedral is the most prominent religious building. The same goes for Innsbruck, at the heart of Tyrol. The Mariazell Basilica in Mariazell is one of the country's most visited attractions and an important pilgrimage destination. Similar to Schönbrunn Palace is Schloss Esterházy in Eisenstadt, which is situated in the most eastern province. It's said to be one of Austria's most beautiful baroque castles. Neusiedler See, a national park, is also worth seeing in this region.

Salzburg was the birthplace of Mozart, and combines delightful Alpine surroundings with a beautifully preserved historic centre. It was also the home of the Trapp Family singing group, which inspired the 1956 film Trapp-Familie (watch it on YouTube), and the 1965 film The Sound of Music, which introduced the English-speaking world to the Austrian Alps, but was poorly received in Austria itself.

Skiing and snowboarding

Austria is a traditional destination for downhill snowsports, as well as other winter sports. Winter sports is especially in western Austria part of the local identity.

Cycle touring

Austria is well known for its scenic cycle routes along its largest rivers. Though Austria is a mountainous country, cycle routes along rivers are flat or gently downhill, and therefore suitable even for casual cyclists. The most famous route is the Danube cycle path from Passau to Vienna, one of the most popular cycle paths in Europe, drawing large crowds of cyclists from all over the world each summer. Other rivers with well-developed cycle routes are the Inn, Drau, Moell and Mur. Most routes follow a combination of dedicated cycle paths, country lanes, and traffic calmed roads, and are well suited for children.

Music

Many visitors come to experience Austria's musical heritage. Salzburg and Vienna offer world renowned opera, classical music and jazz at moderate prices, but performances of high standards are also widely available throughout the rest of the country. There are dozens of Summer festivals for all tastes, the most famous being the avant-garde Salzburg festival (Salzburger Festspiele) but because they're aimed at tourists prices can be high. Austria's strong musical tradition is not confined to classical music alone. Austrian folk music (Volksmusik) is an integral part of rural Austria, and is said to have influenced many of the nation's big composers. In the Alps almost every village has its own choir or brass band (Blasmusik), and you'll often see groups of friends sitting down to sing Lieder in rural pubs. Traditional Alpine instruments are the accordion and zither. In Vienna a type of melancholic violin music known as Schrammelmusik is often performed in Restaurants and Heurigen.

Arts and culture

Austria is a country with a very rich culture and there are events throughout the year: folklore events, festivals, concerts, markets, fairs and other programmes. The best way to find out is to check the tourist information website. Due to its history Austria also has a lot of famous museums with some world-famous ones in Vienna; they are perfect for rainy days.

Spectator sports

• Football: The men’s national soccer team usually play in Vienna. 12 men’s clubs play in Bundesliga the top tier, such as LASK (in Linz), Sturm Graz, RB Salzburg and Austria Wien. Another 16 play in 2. Liga the second tier. 10 women’s teams play in Frauen Bundesliga.

• Formula One Austrian Grand Prix is in Aug / Sep. The track is also known to have the most qualifying lap times deleted because of it wide turns and is the quickest track average at 1:04:23. Book early and it is recommended to carry an energy drink, because it can be very hot at a specific time.

Movies

Austria has quite a special kind of cinematic culture, that is worth taking notice of as a tourist. Many films star celebrities from cabaret, a kind of staged comedy popular in Austria. Most of these movies are characterized by their rather cynical and sometimes bizarre black humour, usually portraying members of Vienna's lower or middle class. Josef Hader, Roland Düringer, Reinhard Nowak or Alfred Dorfer are among the most outstanding actors here. Recommendations include Indien (1993), Muttertag (1993), Hinterholz 8 (1998), Komm, süßer Tod (2000) and Silentium (2004). Popular directors are Harald Sicheritz, Michael Haneke and Ulrich Seidl. Haneke received positive international praise for his films Die Klavierspielerin (2001), based on the novel by nobel-prize winning author Elfriede Jelinek and Caché (2005). Seidl received various awards for his drama Hundstage (2001). Also, the 1949 classic The Third Man was shot in Vienna, and is regularly shown in Vienna's Burg Kino.

Hiking

It is normally safe to hike without a guide in the Austrian Alps, as there is a dense network of marked trails and mountain shelters. However, a few lethal incidents do happen every year as a result of carelessness. Walkers are strongly advised not to stray off the trails and not to hike in bad weather or without suitable equipment. Before setting off, always check with the local tourist office whether the trail corresponds to your abilities.

Also, check the weather forecast. Sudden thunderstorms are frequent and are more likely to happen in the afternoon. A rule of thumb is that if you haven't reached the summit by noon, it's time to give up and return to shelter.

Though the scenery is by all accounts majestic, don't expect an empty wilderness. The Alps can be very crowded with mountaineers, especially in high season (there are even traffic jams of climbers on some popular mountains). Littering is a no-no in all of Austria, but especially in the mountains, and you will enrage fellow walkers if you're seen doing it. If you really want to show respect, pick up any litter you happen to see in your path and dispose of it at the end of your hike (it's a bit of an unwritten rule). Long-distance trails are marked with the Austrian flag (red-white-red horizontal stripes) painted onto rocks and tree trunks.

Most trails and mountain huts are maintained by the Austrian Alpine Club. Some are run by other equivalent organizations, such as the German, Dutch and Italian Alpine Clubs. Mountain huts are meant to be shelters, not hotels. Though they are normally very clean and well-equipped, standards of accommodation and customer service are basic. Blankets are provided, but bringing a thin sleeping bag is mandatory for reasons of hygiene. During the high season (August), it's a good idea to book in advance. Mountain huts will not turn anyone down for the night, but if they're full, you'll have to sleep on the floor. Prices are usually around 10-20 EUR a night to stay in a mattress room (half price for Alpine Club members), but meals and drinks are quite expensive, as everything has to be carried up from the valley, often by helicopters or on foot. For the same reason, there are no trash cans in or near huts. Electricity and gas are also hard to transport, so hot showers will incur a fee if available at all. Some huts even lack running water; they will have pit latrines. As mentioned above, mountain huts are very useful for hikers, they mostly have a heated common room and they are very romantic, but there is nothing more than necessary.

Detailed hiking maps showing the location of marked trails and shelters can be purchased online from the Austrian Alpine Society.

Lakes

Austria has many lakes, many of which have designated camping areas. Normally they are very clean, so you can swim in them. In winter you can use them for ice skating. Sometimes you have to pay a fee to access the lake. Near the grass fields you can often find a little shop with snacks, ice cream and drinks. At bigger lakes you can also find Wasserrettung (water life-savers) who can help you in case of emergency or other problems. Lakes are a great way to spend your leisure time. Austrians normally spend the whole day at the place. Some popular lakes are the Wörthersee, Wolfgangsee, Attersee and the Neusiedler See.

Money

Austria is a cash-oriented society, and while acceptance of credit/debit cards is on the rise, many shops are still cash only.

The best rates for changing money are offered by banks. Some banks will only exchange money for their account holders, and they usually add an exchange fee ranging from €3 to €6, or more when changing large amounts. Withdrawing money from the ubiquitous ATMs is also a viable option, especially if large amounts of cash are needed.

The Austrian schilling was replaced by the euro in 2002. If you have any from previous trips, they can be exchanged at the Austrian Central Bank (ÖNB) indefinitely.

Prices

The prices are comparable with Western European countries, they are very similar to Germany and a little bit more than in Italy. The general sales tax of 20% is included in prices but lower sales taxes applies to certain services and mainly food. A can of Coke in a supermarket will cost you about 1 EUR, a mid-range meal 20 EUR. Prices in tourist areas (Tyrol, Vienna, Salzburg, Zell am See) can be higher than the averages. B&B accommodation and traditional restaurants in towns and rural areas are comparatively cheap.

Shops

Shops are generally open from 08:00 to 19:00 on weekdays, 08:00 to 18:00 on Saturdays (noon in rural areas) and closed on Sundays. On Sundays only gas station shops (expensive), shops in railway stations and restaurants are open. Some smaller shops also may be closed between 12:00 and 15:00 on weekdays. Paying by credit card is not common like in the rest of Europe or United States and Canada but all major credit cards (Visa, MasterCard, American Express, Diners Club) are accepted at almost every gas station and at bigger shops, especially in shopping malls. In smaller towns and villages you normally find one or two small shops or bakeries, which carry nearly everything, called "Greißler", although they are under threat from bigger shopping centers.

ATMs

ATMs in Austria are called Bankomat. They are widespread and you will find them even in smaller, rural villages. Many shops (and some restaurants too) offer the service to pay directly with an ATM card. The majority of ATMs accept cards from abroad. All Bankomats in Austria can easily identified by a sign showing a green stripe above a blue stripe. Usually no fees will be charged, but the company Euronet charges 1.90 EUR per withdrawal.

Tipping

In Austria, tipping is common and, although legally not mandatory, often considered as socially obligatory. Giving 5% to 10% of the total amount is common; more signals exceptionally good service. Rounding to a multiple of a Euro is common, for low sums the amount paid is often a multiple of 50 cents (i.e. a bill of 7.80 EUR can be paid as 8 EUR or 8.50 EUR).

Tipping is not practised when the goods are exchanged over the counter (i.e. in fast-food restaurants or at street stalls). Traditionally, the owner of a restaurant does not receive a tip. A tip is known in the German language as Trinkgeld, which literally translates as 'money for drink'. It is also common practice to tip other service employees, like taxi drivers or hair dressers. Attempting to tip any kind of government employee may be perceived as a bribe and will get you in trouble.

Bargaining

Bargaining is not common throughout Austria except at flea markets. It may be okay to ask for a discount, but accept No as an answer.

Gifts to take home

• Eiswein (ice wine)—see Drink section
• Marillenmarmelade (Apricot Jam)
• Pumpkin Seed Oil a speciality from the southern region Styria
• Manner Schnitten Popular sweets in pink package available almost everywhere.
• Salzburger Mozartkugeln chocolate balls with marzipan in the middle

For children

• Haba wooden toys

Austrian food is distinctive and delicious, and is traditionally of the stodgy, hearty "meat and dumplings" variety. Wiener Schnitzel (a bread-crumbed and fried veal escalope) is something of a national dish, and Knödel are a kind of dumpling which can be made either sweet or savory according to taste. In Vienna the Tafelspitz (boiled beef with potatoes and horseradish - it's classier than it sounds) is traditionally served on Sundays, and is normally accompanied by clear broth with dumplings and herbs. Apart from these, Austria is renowned for its pastries and desserts, the most well-known of which is probably the Apfelstrudel.

Bread (Brot) is taken seriously in Austria. Almost every village has its own bakery, offering a large choice of freshly baked sweet and savoury rolls daily from 06:00. Rye bread (Vollkornbrot, Bauernbrot) is the traditional staple food among peasants. If this is too heavy for you, try the common white bread roll (Semmel). Somewhat surprisingly, it is easier to find good bread outside of Vienna, where the baking industry hasn't yet come to be dominated by industrial scale chain shops.

Some Austrians have a habit of eating sweet flour-based dishes (Mehlspeise) for a main course once a week. Varieties include Kaiserschmarren, Marillenknoedel, and Germknoedel.

The best advice is to dive into the menu and give it a go - there are no nasty surprises!

Restaurants

If you want to try out traditional Austrian food go for a Gasthaus or Gasthof, which serve traditional food for reasonable prices. Usually they offer various options of set lunch including a soup and a main dish and in some cases a dessert too. They are typically priced at 8-10 EUR (except for very touristy areas). Menus are written in German, though some of the restaurants have English menus as well. Keep in mind that tipping is expected throughout all restaurants in Austria. Rounding up the price given on the bill is usually enough tip.

Paying

In Austrian restaurants you must ask to pay. Get the attention of your server and say: "zahlen, bitte" (the bill, please). They will then bring you the check, or tell you the amount of the bill verbally. Then, the proper way to pay in Austria is to give your cash and say the amount you wish to pay, including tip. To tip it is appropriate to round up, or to round up by 50 cents or 1 EUR of the cost for each person (should equal about 5-10% for a full meal). Servers are not dependent on tips, and it is not appropriate to tip a large amount. Saying "danke" (thank you) when paying, means keep the change! Alternatively, you can say the amount of the bill plus your tip and you'll only get change above that amount (for instance, if you pay with a 20 EUR bill, the amount is 16.50 EUR and you say "Siebzehn Euro" (seventeen euro), the server will give you 3 EUR change and keep the 0.50 EUR as tip).

Local specialties

• If you have the chance to try Kletzennudeln you should definitely do it. They are an exceptional Carinthian specialty you can very rarely get anywhere: sweet noodles filled with dried pears and soft cheese. The best Kletzennudeln are handmade with minced dried pears, rather than the lower quality versions which use pear powder.
• Salads can be made with Kernöl (green pumpkin seed oil), a Styrian specialty. Even though it looks frightening (dark green or dark red, depending on lighting conditions) it has an interesting nutty taste. A bottle of good, pure Styrian Kernöl is very expensive (around 10-20 EUR per litre), but maybe one of the most Austrian things to take home. Try it on salads, pumpkin soup, or on bread. Beware of cheap Kernöl, sometimes sold as "Salatöl". Be sure the bottle is sealed well as the oil expands when warmed and leaves non removable stains (although some people swear that bright sunlight can remove them). Kernöl is also available online.

Desserts

• Strudel is a sweet layery, pastry filled with fruits, most commonly apples.
• Sachertorte is chocolate torte with chocolate icing and filled with apricot jam. It should be served fresh with freshly beaten, lightly sweetened cream, which the Austrians call "Schlagobers". The original is available in Vienna in the Cafe Sacher, but similar cakes are very common in many other Viennese Cafes. Cafe Sacher is a bit of a tourist trap owing to its fame (one example of this is the compulsory 2 EUR coat check) and their cakes are not always the freshest.
• Eszterházy: Austrian torte.
• Malakhoff: a delicate cake made with milk and rum.
• Manner Schnitten are a very Viennese sweet specialty, but just the square form factor and pink packaging are really unique. You can buy them everywhere. (Maybe you've already seen these as a product placement in some Hollywood movies or for example in "Friends" and wondered what they are.)
• Milchrahmstrudel: milk and curd cheese strudel, served warm
• Powidl is a type of savoury prune jam with alcohol, another specialty from Vienna. It makes a good present as it tastes exotic and is hard to find anywhere else in the world.

Vegetarians

Vegetarianism is slowly gaining ground in Austria, especially in bigger cities. Austrians aren't as carnivorous as the rest of their Central European neighbors; 47% of the country reports having a diverse diet with only limited amounts of meat. Most restaurants don't cater for vegetarians specifically, but you're almost certain to find meals on the menu containing no meat. As an alternative, there are vegetarian restaurants in every major city, as well as harder to find vegan or vegan-friendly places. You can get vegetarian and vegan products (e.g. tofu, soy milk, lactose-free products) in nearly all supermarkets across the country (in rural areas as well) and in many health-food shops.

In more traditional or very rural restaurants, you may be viewed as eccentric if you say you are vegetarian, and it's possible that not a single meal on the menu is meat-free. This is especially true for restaurants serving traditional Austrian cuisine which relies heavily on meat—even apparent vegetable dishes such as potato salad or vegetable soup often contain meat products. Sometimes, also food clearly labeled as "vegetarian" contains fish, as vegetarianism is often equated with pescetarianism. If unsure, ask the staff if there are any animal products in the dish you're about to order. Some traditional meals that are guaranteed to be vegetarian are Kaiserschmarren (sweet pieces of fluffy pancake with fruit compote), Germknödel (sweet dumpling with sour prune jam), and Kasnudel (similar to ravioli).

Austria's Vegan Society maintains an updated list of vegetarian- and vegan-friendly eating places: original and translated version

Vienna is famous for its café culture, and there are coffee houses all over the city, many of which have outdoor terraces that are popular in the summer. Visit them for coffee (of course), hot chocolate and pastries. Most famous is Sacher-Torte.

Soft drinks: Austria has also a national soft drink called Almdudler. It is lemonade with herbs. North Americans will find it similar to, but not exactly like, ginger ale. Other typical Austrian soft drinks are Holler or Hollundersaft. It's a soft drink made of elderberry blossoms. The globally popular energy drink Red Bull is a license produced localisation of Krating Daeng from Thailand but is often seen as an Austrian invention and is sold everywhere. Austrians often mix sparkling mineral water 50:50 with fruit juice which is then qualified with the adjective gespritzt.

Alcohol consumption in Austria is quite high and part of everyday life, so it is normal to have a drink in parks or on the street. Beer and wine can be bought at 16, everything else at 18. There are several popular drinks:

Austria has some first class wines, mostly whites, slightly on the acidic side. Due to its climate, Austrian reds will often be made from grape varieties such as Zweigelt or Blaufränkisch which are not familiar to many wine drinkers from outside the country, but are definitely worth trying. Wine can be drunk mixed with mineral water, called "G'spritzter" or "Spritzer". The best place to do so is at the "Heurigen" in the suburban areas of Vienna. Originally the "Heurigen" were open only in summer, but now you can have your "Spritzer" throughout the year with a little self-served snack. Locally produced wine is often inexpensive - it's easy to find a perfectly passable bottle for less than 5 EUR in a supermarket. Sturm, or young wine, similar to federweißer in Germany, can be found in early autumn. It's cloudy in appearance, and while not as high in alcohol as normal wine, can be easy to overdo because it's fairly sweet and fizzy.

Beer in Austria is largely ubiquitous with Märzen Lager. The quality is generally very good but varies greatly between breweries, as in many other Central European countries. The best options are from a modest number of remaining regional breweries not yet bought up by Heineken. Visitors accustomed to the selection common in most larger towns in the US or UK may be underwehlemed by beer lists, even in upscale bars. There are a small number of micro-breweries around the country, offering more exotic brews such as stouts. Beer culture in Austria is not widespread, many Austrians have strong brand loyalty but don't know the difference between pilsner and lager, so don't be surprised if a bartender or server struggles to answer your questions.

• Lagers: decent classic "Märzen" lagers commonly available include Stiegl, Egger and Zwettler. The quality of many others including Gösser, Puntigamer, Schwechater, Wieselburger and Zipfer all now under the Heinicken umbrella has debatebly dropped.
• Pilsners: are normally noted with Pils or Spezial, most common is Hirter Pils.
• Dunkles: is a rich dark brew offered by most breweries.
• Weiße: is wheat beer. There are several breweries and many imports from neighboring Bavaria, though it's rarely found on tap.
• Zwickl: is unfiltered lager and the pride of several breweries.

Schnaps is a type of fruit brandy served in many parts of Austria, usually after a meal. The most popular flavours are pear, apricot, and raspberry, though dozens of other flavours are available. There are three quality tiers of Schnaps: distilled, infused, and flavoured. The distilled variety is the highest quality; several brands of Austrian fruit Schnaps rank among the best in the world, but are accordingly expensive: a half-Liter bottle can cost up to 100 EUR. "Real" Schnaps is made from real fruit (either distilled or infused). Beware of the cheap stuff sold in large bottles in supermarkets; this is often of the "flavoured" type - nothing more than ethanol, water and artificial flavouring. If you want the real thing, go to a deli or upscale bar (if you're in a bigger city) or a Buschenschank (farmhouse) if you're in the countryside. However, be careful with Schnaps: store-bought stuff is around 40% ABV, while farmhouse schnapps can be 50% or above!

Eiswein is a type of dessert wine produced from grapes that have been frozen while still on the vine. Eiswein is generally quite expensive due to the labour-intense and risky production process. Your best bet is to buy eiswein at Naschmarkt for 10-15 EUR for 375 ml or 500 ml; more chances to find it there on weekends. Just to give an idea of prices elsewhere, ice wine sells at Wein & Co near Naschmarkt at 24-30 EUR for a 375 ml bottle, and Vienna duty-free shop sells it for 23.50 EUR as well.

Stroh is possibly the best known Austrian spirit drink. It is classified as a kind of rum, although it's not produced of sugarcane molasses like the Caribbean "real" rum is. Coming in five versions (the strongest one having an alcohol content of 80%!), Stroh is often used as a component in cocktails like Jagertee and as a flavoring for cakes and pastries.

Although hotels can usually even be found in smaller cities they are quite expensive (even more so in bigger cities) cheaper possibilities in big cities are youth hostels and in smaller towns you can often find families renting flats in bed and breakfast style (look for Pension or Zimmer Frei signs) for 20-30 EUR. In the countryside many farmers will rent out rooms for a couple of nights, both officially and unofficially. To find a place to stay, simply knock on the door of a farmhouse and ask - if they don't have a room they'll probably know someone nearby who does.

You can also find a lot of camping grounds (some of them are open the whole year round) but while they are exceptionally clean and often provide additional services, they are also a bit more expensive than in other countries in Central Europe.

Austrian law requires anyone to register at their resident address, even if it's only for one night and even if it's a campsite.

Hotels will therefore ask to see your passport or driving license and may refuse to give you accommodation if you don't have any ID on you. If you stay in private accommodation for longer than about two weeks, you should obtain a document of registration (Meldezettel) from the local registration authority (Bezirksamt or Meldeamt), usually located in the town hall. This document needs to be signed by the owner or tenant of your accommodation. Failure to present this document upon departure could cause difficulties if you have stayed in the country for more than two or three months.

Austria has many great universities, the majority of which are located in Vienna, Graz, and Innsbruck. A development in tertiary education is the Fachhochschulen (Universities of Applied Sciences), vocational colleges that typically focus on engineering and business education with less emphasis on research than traditional universities, but a stronger view toward practice.

If you plan to study in Austria, read the requirements. If you need advice, you can contact the National Students Union.

Citizens of European Union member states or EFTA member states (Iceland, Liechtenstein, Switzerland, Norway) may work in Austria without any restrictions. Everyone else, however, needs a work permit to work in Austria.

With an unemployment rate of 5% (as of 2023), finding a job in Austria should not be difficult for those with the right qualifications and skills. Bear in mind a lot of jobs in Austria require a good knowledge of German. Graduates of Austrian universities have an edge in the Austrian job market.

Qualified non-EU and non-EFTA citizens may apply for a Red-White-Red Card, which enables someone to stay in Austria for two years and work at a specific company.

There is plenty of unskilled work available in the tourism industry. As long as you have a work permit, finding a job can often be as easy as simply turning up at a hotel and asking. Seasonal work in large ski resorts is the most promising option.

Austria is one of the safest countries in the world. According to the OECD Factbook of 2006, levels of robbery, assault, and car crime are among the lowest in the developed world, and a study by Mercer ranks Vienna as the 6th safest city in the world out of 215 cities.

Violent crimes are extremely rare and should not concern the average tourist. Small towns and uninhabited areas such as forests are very safe at any time of the day. Like everywhere else in Europe, Austria has also seen a rise in violent crime and sex crime since 2015, but crime is still low in comparison to other western European countries. In Vienna, for example, there are some problems with gangs of young migrants in working-class neighbourhoods, which have also been widely discussed in public and in the media. Although you are safe anywhere at any time, follow standard safety precautions and use common sense when walking alone at night in quiet areas of large cities such as Vienna, Linz or Graz: Be careful and keep a distance to shady people. Beware also of pickpockets in crowded places. Like everywhere in Europe they are becoming increasingly professional. Bicycle theft is rampant in bigger cities, but virtually absent in smaller towns. Always lock your bike to an immobile object.

There is a federal police and in some few towns there is a municipality police. If you have a problem, the federal police (just Polizei) is your place to go. They are working very professional and will help you in any cases.

Racism can be in some rare cases a problem and may make your stay an unpleasant experience. Just like anywhere else in Central Europe, there might be instances of glaring or hostile looks. However, racism is almost never seen in a violent form. There is nearly no violent crime on the countryside and in cities people are used to foreigners. In more remote parts of Austria, non-white people are a rare sight. If you see elderly locals giving you strange looks there, don't feel threatened. They are probably just showing curiosity or a distrust of foreigners and have no intention of doing any physical harm. A short conversation can often be enough to break the ice. Muslim visitors should note that the burqa and niqab are illegal in Austria. Anti-Semitism has increased since October 2023 and is more of a problem in the cities, but infringements are lower compared to Germany and there is a fairly zero-tolerance policy in law.

Do not walk on the bike lanes (especially in Vienna) and cross them like you would cross any other road. Some bike lanes are hard to recognize (e.g. on the "Ring" in Vienna) and some cyclists drive quite fast. Walking on bike lines is not only considered to be impolite, but it may also happen that you are hit by a cyclist.

Austria has an excellent healthcare system by Western standards. Hospitals are modern, clean, and well-equipped. Healthcare in Austria is funded by the Krankenkassen (Sickness-funds), compulsory public insurance schemes that cover 99% of the population. Most hospitals are owned and operated by government bodies or the Krankenkassen. Private hospitals exist, but mainly for non-life-threatening conditions. Doctor's surgeries on the other hand are mostly private, but most accept patients from the Krankenkassen. Many Austrians choose to buy supplemental private health insurance. This allows them to see doctors that don't accept Krankenkassen and to stay in special hospital wards with fewer beds (which often receive preferential treatment).

If you are a traveller from the EU, you can get any form of urgent treatment for free (or a small token fee) that is covered by the Krankenkassen. Non-urgent treatment is not covered. Simply show your European Health Insurance Card and passport to the doctor or hospital. When going to a GP, look out for their signs: "Alle Kassen" (all Krankenkassen accepted), or "Keine Kassen" (no Krankenkassen accepted), in which case your EHIC is not valid. Supplemental travel insurance is recommended if you want to be able to see any doctor or receive specialist treatment.

If you are a traveller from outside the EU, and have no travel insurance, you will need to pay the full cost of treatment up-front (with the exception of the emergency room). Medical bills can be very expensive, though still reasonable when compared to the USA.

Austria has a dense network of helicopter ambulances that can reach any point in the country within 15 minutes. Beware: Mountain rescue by helicopter is not covered by your EHIC, or indeed most travel insurance. If you have a medical emergency while you are in the mountains (e.g. you break a leg while skiing), the helicopter will be called on you regardless of whether you ask for it or not, and you will be billed upwards of 1000 EUR. Mountain sports insurance is therefore highly recommended; you can obtain this from your health insurer or by becoming a member of the Austrian Alpine Club (48.50 EUR for one year of membership, automatic insurance for mountain search-and-rescue costs up to 22000 EUR).

Certain regions in Austria (Carinthia, Styria, Lower Austria) are affected by tick borne encephalitis. For those who plan on doing outdoor activities in spring or summer a vaccine is strongly recommended. Also be aware that there is a small, endangered population of sand vipers in the south.

Tap water is of exceptional quality and safe to drink in Austria (except in some parts of lower Austria, where it is recommended to ask about the water quality first!). The quality of water in Vienna and Graz is supposedly comparable to that of Evian.

Austrians take formalities and etiquette seriously and good manners (Gutes Benehmen) can take you a long way in a social situation.

• When entering and leaving public places Austrians always say hello (Grüß Gott as formal greeting and a normal Hallo as a semi-formal greeting) and goodbye (Auf Wiedersehen). When entering a small shop, one should say "Grüß Gott" to the shop keeper when entering and "Wiedersehen" when leaving (the "Auf" can be left off). Phone calls are usually answered by telling your name, and finished with Auf Wiederhören.
• If you want to greet people in an informal way, use Servus. This greeting is used among friends and also in the countryside (for example, when meeting people at hiking). Servus is also used to say good bye and is common not only in Austria but also in Hungary, Slovenia, Slovakia and southern Germany. Although standard German greetings such as "Tschüss" or "Hi" are used in cities, most Austrians prefer to be greeted with Austrian greetings.
• Do not raise your voice, lose your temper, or shout in public; in Austria this is highly frowned upon.
• When being introduced to someone, always shake them by the hand, keep the other hand out of your pocket, say your name and make eye contact. Failure to make eye contact, even if out of shyness, is considered condescending.
• Some Austrians have a custom of kissing the cheeks twice when friends meet, except for Vorarlberg, where people kiss each other three times as in Switzerland and Liechtenstein. Fake air kisses work too. When you're not sure whether this is appropriate, wait until your counterpart starts the greeting.
• When drinking alcohol you don't drink until you have toasted ("anstoßen"). Say "prost" or "cheers" and most importantly make eye contact when toasting.
• Smoking is prohibited in most indoor venues and certain outdoor spaces as well. Since 2019, there is a complete smoking ban in gastronomy (restaurants, bars, cafés, etc.) as well as hotels, certain public areas, government facilities, public transport (as well as e.g. train stations, which may offer "smoking areas") etc.
• If you have drunk all your wine and want more it's okay to pour some more into your glass, but only after you've kindly asked everyone around you at the table if they need any more.
• If you really want to show your manners while eating, let your unused hand rest on the table next to your plate and use it occasionally to hold your plate while eating, if necessary. Austrians use generally European table manners, that is, they hold the knife in the right hand and the fork in the left hand, eating with both utensils. It is polite to let your wrists or hands rest on the table, but not your elbows.
• In most Austrian households it is customary to take off one's shoes.
• Older Austrians really love to use honorific titles. Many books have been written on the subject of Austria and its Titelwahn (title craze). There are over nine hundred titles from many categories such as job descriptions, academic degrees, honorary titles, official titles, etc. People who think of themselves as being respectable always expect to be addressed by their proper title, be it Prof., Dr., Mag. (Master's), Dipl.Ing. (Master's in Engineering), Ing. (Graduate Engineer) or even B.A. This is especially true of older people. Younger people are generally much more relaxed in this regard. The Titelwahn is something to be aware of but it is also often a subject of satire and self-deprecating humour so it should not be taken too seriously. Foreigners are not expected to understand or care about (all of) it.
• In German, you should normally use Sie when speaking to strangers or older people. The informal Du is mainly reserved for friends, relatives and family. However, it is also generally used in the countryside and mountains, even when talking with tourists, and it is no real problem to use the Du there. The Du form is particularly common in western Austria. Misuse of these forms is considered inappropriate in formal situations (especially in cities like Vienna), although people will probably understand that as a foreigner you don't know any better. Switching between the forms can be very irritating to English speakers, but it is good to use the right form for the right situation. However, if you slip, people will excuse that as due to your limited language skills.
• Perhaps surprisingly for a rather conservative nation, Austria's attitude towards nudity is one of the most relaxed in Europe. The display of full nudity in the mainstream media and advertising can be a shock for many visitors, especially those from outside Europe. It is not uncommon for women to bathe topless in beaches and recreational areas in summer. Though swimming costumes must normally be worn in public pools and beaches, when bathing "wild" in rivers and lakes is normally OK to take one's clothes off. Nudity is compulsory in Austria's many nude beaches (FKK Strand), health spas and hotel saunas. Like in Germany, do not wear bathing suits into saunas.

Helpful hints

• Austrians are their own people; referring to them as "Germans" is incorrect and may cause offense. The customs of Austria differ from those of Germany and other German-speaking nations.
• In business settings, business communication tends to be more formal and political. Your Austrian counterparts will normally be very careful about what they say.

Calling Austria

The international code for Austria is +43.

Phones

Phone boxes are getting rare. Phone boxes usually operate with prepaid cards which can be obtained from postal offices and kiosks (German:Trafik).

Phone numbers have an area code followed by the phone number itself. Toll-free numbers are denoted by 0800, service lines priced like local calls are setting off with 0810 whereas numbers starting with 0900, 0901, 0930 or 0931 are expensive service lines charging up to 3.63 EUR per minute. 05 is "shared cost" (usually a bit more expensive than landline/mobile), beware of the exception 05133 though which is the Austrian federal police prefix. 0720 is VOIP/virtual - usually billed at landline rates regardless of location.

Cell phones

Austria has good GSM and 3G (UMTS) network coverage of nearly 100%. Be aware that some remote areas (especially mountainous areas) do not have network coverage, though this rather the exception than the rule. Even the Vienna underground lines do have coverage.

Austria has three network operators: A1, Magenta and Drei. Also, there is a big number of providers, which will operate in one of these three networks.

The cheapest (discounted) providers are HoT, spusu, bob and yesss.

You may often purchase a prepaid SIM card for Austria before you depart from an online vendor http://www.telestial.com/view_product.php?PRODUCT_ID=LSIM-AT01 which can be convenient as you get instructions in English and your cell phone number before you depart.

Internet

Internet cafes are common in bigger cities. Hotels in cities do normally have internet terminals, more expensive hotels provide internet access directly in the rooms. There are many free WiFi Hotspots ("Gratis WLAN"), each McDonald's has free WiFi (unlimited Time and Traffic) and there is also free WiFi at most of the trains and railway stations.

Mobile broadband providers in Austria are some of the cheapest and fastest in Europe, and 4G coverage is excellent most populated areas. Several providers offer pay-as-you-go plans that are open to non-residents, don't require registration, and can be topped up with vouchers available in stores, at the ATM, or online.

Bob offers a SIM or Micro-SIM with 1 GB of traffic on a pay-as-you-go plan. Additional traffic can be booked on a data plan ("Datenpaket" http://www.bob.at/bobdatenpaketwertkarte at a rate of 4 EUR per GB. Beware of higher rates for traffic (0.068 EUR/MB) if no data plan is booked. Available at all post offices and some supermarkets. (Ask for "Bob Breitband Startpaket", 14.90 EUR). SIMs come with a working cell number, and are also available bundled with a USB Modem without a contract. (2011)

Yesss (an A1 subsidiary) offers SIM or Micro-SIM-cards with 1 GB of traffic for 9.90 EUR and a pay-as-you go plan. Additional traffic can be bought for 20 EUR for 2GB. Available at Hofer Supermarkets (ask for "Yesss startpaket" at the cashier). SIMs come with a working cell number, and are also available bundled with a USB modem without a contract. (2011)

A1 offers mobile internet prepaid data SIMs — Internet mit Wertkarte — via their webshop for delivery to any address in Austria. (pickup at your hotel) Payment can be made using credit card and they also provide package tracking. Prices start at 10 EUR for 3GB/30 days with 4/2 Mbit/s. (2013)

Toilets

Public toilets are free in most cities. In more touristy areas and train stations, however, fees are normal. Prices range between 0.50 EUR and 1 EUR, which must either be handed to a toilet attendant or inserted into a slot. Public toilets can always be found in city centers (normally on the main square), in train stations, and near major tourist attractions.

Laundry

Households without washing machines are almost unheard of in Austria. As a result, laundrettes are few and far between, and may be completely absent from smaller cities. However, most hotels, youth hostels, campsites and even B&Bs normally offer laundry facilities for a small charge.

People

People in Austria are friendly and helpful. Most Austrians are very polite, hospitable and treat tourists well.